However, in all cases, as these genes are proposed to act in a network, ectopic expression in a C3 species may require the simultaneous introduction of a cohort of genes to reveal their Kranz potential in a C3 leaf. Voznesenskaya EV, Franceschi VR, Kiirats O, Freitag H, Edwards GE. The limited results of forward genetic screens, and the complexity of Kranz development, suggest that a number of genes are involved in the regulation of Kranz development and that there is unlikely to be a Kranz ‘master switch’ (Westhoff and Gowik, 2010). Notably, it has been suggested that the root endodermis, the starch sheath, and the leaf BS-cell layer are equivalent (Esau, 1965; Nelson, 2011; Slewinski, 2013), and, as such, the SHR/SCR regulatory module may function in the developmental patterning of all three tissues (Slewinski, 2013). In the same way, systems analyses could thus identify regulators of the C4 pathway. The leaves contain a ring of mesophyll cells, containing a few small chloroplasts concerned with the initial fixing of carbon dioxide, surrounding a sheath of parenchyma cells (the bundle sheath) which has large chloroplasts involved in the Calvin cycle. Plants exhibiting Kranz anatomy are maize and sugarcane. The C4 pathway is known to be dependent of both environmental and developmental signals. Because SHR is not expressed in C4 M cells, no protein accumulates in adjacent non-C4 M cells, thus distinguishing the two cell types. (Chenopodiaceae), Differential expression of the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit gene in bundle sheath and mesophyll cells of developing maize leaves is influenced by light, Auxin is required for leaf vein pattern in, Using evolution as a guide to engineer Kranz-type C, Scarecrow plays a role in establishing kranz anatomy in maize leaves, Ontogeny of the maize shoot apical meristem, Occurrence of distinctive cells in leaves of C, Co-expression tools for plant biology: opportunities for hypothesis generation and caveats, Physiological, anatomical and biochemical characterisation of photosynthetic types in genus, Cellular accumulation of photosynthetic enzymes during leaf development of, Photosynthetic enzyme accumulation during leaf development of, Carbon sink-to-source transition is coordinated with establishment of cell-specific gene-expression in a C, Genome-wide transcript analysis of early maize leaf development reveals gene cohorts associated with the differentiation of C, Arabidopsis JACKDAW and MAGPIE zinc finger proteins delimit asymmetric cell division and stabilize tissue boundaries by restricting SHORT-ROOT action, Molecular analysis of SCARECROW function reveals a radial patterning mechanism common to root and shoot, Dof1 and Dof2 transcription factors are associated with expression of multiple genes involved in carbon metabolism in maize, Involvement of maize Dof zinc finger proteins in tissue-specific and light-regulated gene expression, A conserved transcription factor mediates nuclear control of organelle biogenesis in anciently diverged land plants. Kranz anatomy is a specialized structure in C 4 Plants where the mesophyll cells are clustered around the bundle-sheath cells in a ring-like fashion. Chenopodium album accessions examined included both proto-Kranz and C3-C4 intermediate types, depending on locality. Downs GSBi YMColasanti JWu WQChen XZhu TRothstein SJLukens LN. The seven genes shown in Table 2A were identified on the basis of transcriptome analysis of maize foliar and husk leaves (Wang et al., 2013b). Searches for genetic regulators of higher-order vein formation through mutagenesis screens have revealed very little, with the only mutant thus far identified (in the C4 grass Panicum maximum) having been subsequently lost (Fladung, 1994). In Arabidopsis, ATS/KAN4 contributes to PIN1 localization (Izhaki and Bowman, 2007), which is necessary for the polarized flow of auxin. Considering that SHR has been shown to affect radial patterning in a dose-dependent manner in the Arabidopsis root (Koizumi et al., 2012), it is possible that BS- and M-cell specification could be a direct consequence of cellular SHR content, and that SHR is the diffusible Kranz specification factor originally proposed over 20 years ago (Langdale and Nelson, 1991). Leaves whose anatomy shows vascular bundles encircled by bundle sheath cells are called leaves with Kranz anatomy. These observations suggest that SHR is necessary for both asymmetric cell division in endodermal/cortical initial cells and for endodermal specification in the root. Kranz tissue. This simplicity (particularly in terms of vascular sheath number), in addition to well-developed genetic resources, makes maize an attractive model for understanding the biology of C4 development. C4 plants exhibit significantly higher photosynthetic, water and nutrient use efficiency compared with C3 plants. 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