Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [77] According to Volker Ullrich, "a line had been crossed: Germany had left the community of civilised nations. Product Details. [76], After the Kristallnacht, Salvador Allende, Gabriel Gonzlez Videla, Marmaduke Grove, Florencio Durn and other members of the Congress of Chile sent a telegram to Adolf Hitler denouncing the persecution of Jews. Poland stated that it would renounce citizenship rights of Polish Jews living abroad for at least five years after the end of October, effectively making them stateless. German censors sought to block images of Kristallnacht from reaching newspapers in the United States. Chancellor Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Gring and Heinrich Himmler, ordered a series of political extrajudicial executions . Eventually, under Hitlers read more, Ethnic cleansing has been defined as the attempt to get rid of (through deportation, displacement or even mass killing) members of an unwanted ethnic group in order to establish an ethnically homogenous geographic area. Early reports estimated that 91 Jews had been murdered. A Nationwide Pogrom. The events of Kristallnacht represented one of the most important turning points in National Socialist antisemitic policy. read more, Herschel Grynszpan carried a revolver and thoughts of revenge with him as he walked through the streets of Paris on the morning of November 7, 1938. Vom Rath was a professional diplomat with the Foreign Office who expressed anti-Nazi sympathies, largely based on the Nazis' treatment of the Jews and was under Gestapo investigation for being politically unreliable. I Know A Place 6. Throughout Germany and Austria, Nazi Stormtroopers . 63 terms. Washington, DC 20024-2126 Could you send us something? What immediate effect did Three Mile Island have on energy policy? McCullough, Colin, and Nathan Wilson, eds. Kristallnacht was a turning point in the history of the Third Reich, marking the shift . Walter, dressed in a Nazi uniform, arrived at Max's house and told him he had to leave immediately to escape arrest. Eric Lucas recalls the destruction of the synagogue that a tiny Jewish community had constructed in a small village only twelve years earlier: "It did not take long before the first heavy grey stones came tumbling down, and the children of the village amused themselves as they flung stones into the many colored windows. Although violence against Jews had not been explicitly condoned by the authorities, there were cases of Jews being beaten or assaulted. It is widely assumed that the assassination was politically motivated, but historian Hans-Jrgen Dscher says the shooting may have been the result of a homosexual love affair gone wrong. Although the violence was orchestrated at the highest levels, the Nazis called it a spontaneous reaction to the assassination of a low-level German diplomat in Paris. Despite the outward appearance of spontaneous violence, and the local cast which the pogrom took on in various regions throughout the Reich, the central orders Heydrich relayed gave specific instructions: the "spontaneous" rioters were to take no measures endangering non-Jewish German life or property; they were not to subject foreigners (even Jewish foreigners) to violence; and they were to remove all synagogue archives prior to vandalizing synagogues and other properties of the Jewish communities, and to transfer that archival material to the Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst, or SD). A few days earlier, German authorities had expelled thousands of Jews of Polish citizenship living in Germany from the Reich; Grynszpan had received news that his parents, residents in Germany since 1911, were among them. Standard 7 Vocabulary. The Night of Broken Glass, or Kristallnacht, was a pogrom against the Jews by the Nazi Party's dread Sturmabteilung (SA) on November 9-10, 1938. On Kristallnacht Nov. 9-10, 1938 Nazi storm troopers and sympathizers raided and destroyed thousands of Jewish homes, shops and synagogues. Between November 9 and 10, 1938, the pogrom now known as Kristallnacht resulted in the destruction of over 7,500 Jewish businesses, 1,000 synagogues, and any sense of security Jewish people in Germany and its read more, When Ernst vom Rath went to work on the morning of November 7, 1938, he had no idea he would soon be mortally woundedor that his death would serve as the excuse for a two-day terror attack on German Jews. Goebbels needed a chance to improve his standing in the eyes of Hitler. Around the time of Kristallnacht, the SS newspaper Das Schwarze Korps called for a "destruction by swords and flames." Shards of glass littered the streets. The policy should necessitate the use of dustpans and brushes or other articles for the cleanup process. Wednesday marks 84 years since the November pogrom "Kristallnacht" or the Night of Broken Glass. After his speech, the assembled regional Party leaders issued instructions to their local offices. Among those expelled was the family of Sendel and Riva Grynszpan, Polish Jews who had emigrated to Germany in 1911 and settled in Hanover, Germany. The night of broken glass. On February 9, 1939, Senator Robert F. Wagner (D-NY) and Representative Edith Nourse Rogers (R-MA) introduced identical bills into Congress to offer refuge to 20,000 children under 14 from the Greater German Reich. On November 15, 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, responded to Kristallnacht by reading a statement to the media in which he harshly denounced the rising tide of anti-Semitism and violence in Germany. Click the card to flip . The name Kristallnacht refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after these pogroms. 1 / 15. kristalnacht. [63] A study conducted in 1933 had then shown that 33% of Nazi Party members held no racial prejudice while 13% supported persecution. "[81], While November 1938 predated the overt articulation of "the Final Solution", it foreshadowed the genocide to come. The cost of the broken window glass alone came to millions of Reichsmarks. Vom Rath was a German embassy official stationed in Paris. The loss of prestige as a result of this abortive operation called for some sort of compensation. Perhaps no headline so aptly summarized the danger for the Jews under the Nazi regime than that published on the front page of the Los Angeles Examiner on November 23, 1938: Nazis Warn World Jews Will Be Wiped Out Unless Evacuated By Democracies.. https://www.britannica.com/event/Kristallnacht, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Encyclopedia - Kristallnacht, Kristallnacht - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Nazi storm troopers and police rounding up Jewish men in Stadthagen, Germany. This was the first time Nazi officials made massive arrests of Jews specifically because they were Jews, without any further cause for arrest. According to Eugene Davidson the reason for this was that Hitler wished to avoid being directly connected to an event that he was aware that many of those present condemned, regardless of Goebbels's unconvincing explanation that Kristallnacht was caused by popular wrath. KFC issued an apology approximately an hour later, blaming the original message on an "error in our system". After he was taken to the office of Nazi diplomat Ernst vom Rath, Grynszpan fired five bullets at Vom Rath, two of which hit him in the abdomen. "[58], The extent of the damage done on Kristallnacht was so great that many Germans are said to have expressed their disapproval of it, and to have described it as senseless. "Heydrich's secret instructions regarding the riots in November 1938", "Die "Kristallnacht"-Lge - Die Ereignisse vom 9./10. The name is a reference to the broken glass that resulted from the destruction. Welch, Susan. The event was widely covered in the international press and the Nazi-coordinated attacks on Jews sent . The Night of Broken Glass Reviews. Kristallnacht marked a turning point in relations between Nazi Germany and the rest of the world. SA and Hitler Youth members across the country shattered the shop windows of an estimated 7,500 Jewish-owned commercial establishments and looted their wares. In October 2008, this dumpsite was discovered by Yaron Svoray, an investigative journalist. The event was called Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass," because of the shattered glass from the store windows that cost over $5 million mark ($1,250,000 in U.S.) the next day 30,000 Jewish men were arrested for the being Jewish and sent to concentration camps. [80] An account cited that Hitler's green light for Kristallnacht was made with the belief that it would help him realize his ambition of getting rid of the Jews in Germany. Heinrich Himmler wrote, "I suppose that it is Goebbels's megalomaniaand stupidity which is responsible for starting this operation now, in a particularly difficult diplomatic situation. [79], Kristallnacht changed the nature of Nazi Germany's persecution of the Jews from economic, political, and social exclusion to physical violence, including beatings, incarceration, and murder; the event is often referred to as the beginning of the Holocaust. Many synagogues burned throughout the night in full view of the public and of local firefighters, who had received orders to intervene only to prevent flames from spreading to nearby buildings. [33] One of the first legal measures issued was an order by Heinrich Himmler, commander of all German police, forbidding Jews to possess any weapons whatsoever and imposing a penalty of twenty years' confinement in a concentration camp upon every Jew found in possession of a weapon hereafter. [62], In 1938, just after Kristallnacht, the psychologist Michael Mller-Claudius interviewed 41 randomly selected Nazi Party members on their attitudes towards racial persecution. November 9th 1938. Violence began to erupt in various parts of the Reich throughout the late evening and early morning hours of November 910. On the night of November 9, 1939, Nazi soldiers stormed the streets of Germany, breaking windows and looting Jewish businesses in a nationwide attack that would be known as Kristallnacht ("the night of broken glass"). On November 15th, President Roosevelt said, The news of the past few days from Germany has deeply shocked public opinion in the United States I myself could scarcely believe that such things could occur in a 20th-century civilization., But when asked ifhe would recommend relaxingthe countrys strict immigration lawsto allow more Jewish refugees into theUnited StatesFDRreplied, That is not in contemplation; we have the quota system.. The pretext for the pogroms was the shooting in Paris on November 7 of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by a Polish-Jewish student, Herschel Grynszpan. [6], The rioters destroyed 267 synagogues throughout Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland. The Reich government confiscated all insurance payouts to Jews whose businesses and homes were looted or destroyed, leaving the Jewish owners personally responsible for the cost of all repairs. This, plus his ensuing anti-Semitic comments, permanently stained his status as an American hero. Leadership support for Exploring Hate is provided by the Sylvia A. and Simon B. Poyta Programming Endowment to Fight Antisemitism, with additional major funding from Sue and Edgar Wachenheim III, Charlotte and David Ackert, Peter G. Peterson and Joan Ganz Cooney, and Patti Askwith Kenner. "American opinion toward Jews during the Nazi era: Results from quota sample polling during the 1930s and 1940s. "[10], Estimates of fatalities caused by the attacks have varied. How did Hitler attempt to accomplish A more personal response, in 1939, was the oratorio A Child of Our Time by the English composer Michael Tippett. Six million Reichsmarks of insurance payments for property damage due to the Jewish community were instead paid to the Reich government as "damages to the German Nation". Furthermore, it became illegal for Aryans and Jews to marry or have extramarital intercourse. ("Mir wre lieber gewesen, ihr httet 200 Juden erschlagen und httet nicht solche Werte vernichtet!"). The entire story is told from the point of view of a cat named Benno, who lives happily on Rosenstrasse in Berlin, making the rounds from shop to shop and apartment to apartment, visiting both Jewish and non-Jewish families, all of whom love him. Kristallnacht sparked international outrage. After Kristallnacht, Lindbergh declined to return the medal. The 17-year-old German refugee had just learned that his Polish-Jewish parents, along with thousands of other Jews, had been herded read more, The systematic persecution of German Jewry began with Adolf Hitlers rise to power in 1933. cit. For the albums, see, "Windows of shops owned by Jews which were broken during a coordinated anti-Jewish demonstration in Berlin, known as. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! What were some similarities between racism in Nazi Germany and in the United States, 1920s-1940s? 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. As the Jews were taken away, their remaining possessions were seized as loot both by Nazi authorities and by neighbors. November 9th 1938. . They served in the German army and navy and contributed to every field of German business, science and culture. Lucas, Eric. Moreover, the passivity with which most German civilians responded to the violence signaled to the Nazi regime that the German public was prepared for more radical measures. These are not to be interfered with. Rather, the police were to arrest the victims. ), pp. I should not want to leave any doubt, gentlemen, as to the aim of today's meeting. Sturmbateilung which means storm troopers. Kristallnacht: The Nazi Night of Terror. "[37] The Israeli historian Saul Friedlnder believes that Goebbels had personal reasons for wanting to bring about Kristallnacht. BOONE, N.C. Join the Center for Judaic, Holocaust, and Peace Studies; Hillel; AEPi and Diversity and Inclusion for a series of events on Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass (9 November 1938). Schools were ransacked, as the attackers demolished buildings with sledgehammers. Hear the fear in this night. Chapter 13 Test Study Guide. This event came to be called Kristallnacht (The Night of Broken Glass) because of the shattered glass that littered the streets after the vandalism and destruction of Jewish-owned businesses, synagogues, and homes. Nearly 100 Jews were killed during Kristallnacht and 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Library bibliography: Kristallnacht, Teaching Materials on the Roles of Individuals, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. [60] Goebbels met the foreign press in the afternoon of 11 November and said that the burning of synagogues and damage to Jewish owned property had been "spontaneous manifestations of indignation against the murder of Herr Vom Rath by the young Jew Grynsban [sic]". He was at work at the German embassy in Paris when Herschel Grynszpan, a read more, Our synagogue is burning! Rabbi Manfred Swarsensky dropped the phone and ran to his place of worship. This is what the Nazis say caused Kristallnacht. ("Jews out, out to Palestine!"). magazine was able to publish some images in its November 28, 1938, issue. The Kristillnacht, or Night of Broken Glass, marked one of the most truly horrific and gut-wrenching events of World War II - and a harbinger of the satanic . Click the card to flip . [13] Conditions for German Jews began to worsen after the appointment of Adolf Hitler (the Austrian-born leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party) as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, and the Enabling Act (implemented 23 March 1933) which enabled the assumption of power by Hitler after the Reichstag fire of 27 February 1933. [80] Prior to this large-scale and organized violence against the Jews, the Nazi's primary objective was to eject them from Germany, leaving their wealth behind. British Library.9 November 1938: Kristallnacht. Jewish Museum Berlin.Breckinridge Long. Additional support is provided by the Tiger Baron Foundation, Nancy and Morris W. Offit and Josh Weston. Nazi officials disguised the organized nature of the pogroms. "[19] The international vian Conference on 6 July 1938 addressed the issue of Jewish and Romani immigration to other countries. November 1938: From "Reichskristallnacht" To Genocide. Learn about Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass), November 910, 1938 propaganda. Tombstones were uprooted and graves violated. The Daily Telegraph correspondent, Hugh Greene, wrote of events in Berlin: "Mob law ruled in Berlin throughout the afternoon and evening and hordes of hooligans indulged in an orgy of destruction. Being a Jew is not a crime, Grynszpan said. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In this lesson, students will continue this unit's historical case study by learning about a major escalation of the Nazi campaign against Jews, the violent pogroms of Kristallnacht on November 9-10, 1938. This included guidelines for the protection of foreigners and non-Jewish businesses and property. Thus, Kristallnacht figures as an essential turning point in Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews, which culminated in the attempt to annihilate the European Jews. There, Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels, after conferring with Hitler, harangued a gathering of old storm troopers, urging violent reprisals staged to appear as spontaneous demonstrations. Telephone orders from Munich triggered pogroms throughout Germany, which then included Austria. Perhaps no headline so aptly summarized the danger for the Jews under the Nazi regime than that published on the front page of the, on November 23, 1938: Nazis Warn World Jews Will Be Wiped Out Unless Evacuated By Democracies., At his press conference on November 15, 1938, one week after, Despite the increasing threat faced by Jews living under Nazi rule in Germany and Austria, President Roosevelt knew that he would not be able to persuade Congress to reconsider, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, The Nazi Persecution of Black People in Germany, The Nazi Olympics Berlin 1936: African American Voices and "Jim Crow" America. [54], The reaction of non-Jewish Germans to Kristallnacht was varied. Nearly 100 Jews were killed during, ,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps, That is not in contemplation; we have the quota system., How a Near-Death Experience Changed Rais Bhuiyans Life, Today in History: We Hold the Rock: The Occupation of Alcatraz and the Native American Fight for Sovereignty in the Age of Fracture, Jan 6 Hearing Tied Trump to The White Power Movement, Today in History: We Remember March 16th, 2021, Today in History: Antisemitism, an American Problem, Today in History: The Father Coughlin Story, Black History Month: Reflection, Celebration, and Repair, Today in History: Reading the Holocaust 77 Years After the Liberation of Auschwitz. Of course the "Night of Broken Glass" refers to Kristallnacht, an event that many feel marked the beginning of the Holocaust. The "Night of Broken Glass" On the night of November 9-10, 1938, the Nazi regime coordinated a wave of antisemitic violence in Nazi Germany. Using the pretext of the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris, Goebbels urged Storm Troopers . "He wanted it to be known that not all Germans supported Kristallnacht. However, due to the lack of interest and customer loyalty to Jews ' businesses, the boycott failed. Labor Secretary Frances Perkins, whose department oversaw the Immigration and Naturalization Service, persuaded President Roosevelt to allow approximately 12,000 Germans, most of whom were Jews and already in the United States on visitor visas, to remain in the country indefinitely. He also recalled Hugh Wilson, his ambassador to Germany. [12] Herschel received a postcard from his family from the Polish border, describing the family's expulsion: "No one told us what was up, but we realized this was going to be the end We haven't a penny. Get started for FREE Continue. It is believed the goods were brought by rail to the outskirts of the village and dumped on designated land. German censors sought to block images of Kristallnacht from reaching newspapers in the United States. Her young adult novel-in-verse, PAPER HEARTS, based on a true story of friendship and survival in Auschwitz, is published by Margaret K. McElderry Books (Simon & Schuster). Use any sturdy box as long as it will not weigh more than 25 pounds when full. It is difficult to pinpoint the exact date when the Holocaust began, but Kristallnacht ("the Night of Broken Glass") is by all accounts a key milestone leading up to the destruction of European Jewry. Most did obtain release over the next three months on the condition that they begin the process of emigration from Germany. Kristallnacht, (German: "Crystal Night") , also called Night of Broken Glass or November Pogroms, the night of November 9-10, 1938, when German Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property. Beyond expressing outrage at the violence, the outside world did little to help. Among other things, Hitlers Nazi Party, which espoused extreme German nationalism and anti-Semitism, commanded that all Jewish businesses be boycotted and all Jews be dismissed from civil service posts. This massive campaign of anti-Jewish violence is known as Kristallnacht, meaning "Crystal Night" in German. Don't Let Him Come Back 7. At his press conference on November 15, 1938, one week after Kristallnacht, President Franklin D. Roosevelt denounced Nazi Germanys terror attack on Jews, saying, I myself could scarcely believe that such things could occur in a twentieth-century civilization. FDR made an exception to his practice of off-the-record press conferences by allowing newspapers to quote this statement from his meeting with reporters that day. Kristallnacht, literally, "Night of Crystal," is often referred to as the "Night of Broken Glass."The name refers to the wave of violent anti-Jewish pogroms which took place on November 9 and 10, 1938. The German authorities looked on without intervening. SA and Hitler Youth units throughout Germany and its annexed territories engaged in the destruction of Jewish-owned homes and businesses. In The. [16] Beginning in 1933, the German government enacted a series of anti-Jewish laws restricting the rights of German Jews to earn a living, to enjoy full citizenship and to gain education, including the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service of 7 April 1933, which forbade Jews to work in the civil service. All Wasted 10. (ed. The United States was the only nation to recall its ambassador and would not replace him until after the end of the war in 1945. The turning point. Legislation restricted access to public transport. As part of government policy, the Nazis seized houses, shops, and other property the migrs left behind. Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi minister for public enlightenment and propaganda, immediately seized on the assassination to rile Hitlers supporters into an anti-Semitic frenzy. Corrections? [64] During the events of Kristallnacht, several Gauleiter and deputy Gauleiters had refused orders to enact the Kristallnacht, and many leaders of the SA and of the Hitler Youth also openly refused party orders, while expressing disgust. Mass arrests. siriequinox. A Catholic nun was sentenced to death in 1945 for helping Jews. 11 terms. Another Person 3. "[44], Many Berliners were however deeply ashamed of the pogrom, and some took great personal risks to offer help. Kristallnacht - "The Night of Broken Glass" January 18, 2016Adrian Lockhart On November 9, 1938, 90 Jews were murdered, over 30,000 Jewish men were rounded up and taken to concentration camps, and about 7,500 Jewish business were destroyed and looted. In two days and nights, more than 1,000 synagogues were burned or otherwise damaged. Schwab, Gerald. Already living illegally in Paris himself, a desperate Grynszpan apparently sought revenge for his family's precarious circumstances by appearing at the German embassy and shooting the diplomatic official assigned to assist him. Mobs of SA men roamed the streets, attacking Jews in their houses and forcing Jews they encountered to perform acts of public humiliation. Significantly, Kristallnacht marks the first instance in which the Nazi regime incarcerated Jews on a massive scale simply on the basis of their ethnicity. I hear them marching. [38], Mller, in a message to SA and SS commanders, stated the "most extreme measures" were to be taken against Jewish people. Kristallnacht was the result of that rage. The brutality of the pogrom, and the Nazi government's deliberate policy of encouraging the violence once it had begun, laid bare the repressive nature and widespread anti-Semitism entrenched in Germany. "[26] Conditions in the refugee camps "were so bad that some actually tried to escape back into Germany and were shot", recalled a British woman who was sent to help those who had been expelled.[27]. IncidentallyI would not like to be a Jew in Germany.. These laws resulted in the exclusion and alienation of Jews from German social and political life. WATCH VIDEO: Henryk Ross: Photos from a Nazi Ghetto. The Nazis came to call the event Kristallnacht ("Crystal Night," or, "The Night of Broken Glass"), referring to the thousands of shattered windows that littered the streets afterwards, but the euphemism does not convey the full brutality of the event. The Day the Holocaust Began: The Odyssey of Herschel Grynszpan. News of Raths death on November 9 reached Adolf Hitler in Munich, Germany, where he was celebrating the anniversary of the abortive 1923 Beer Hall Putsch. By 1938, Germany "had entered a new radical phase in anti-Semitic activity". The trials were conducted exclusively by German and Austrian courts; the Allied occupation authorities did not have jurisdiction since none of the victims were Allied nationals. He gave the orders on Kristallnacht. Convo. They were ordered to leave their homes in a single night and were allowed only one suitcase per person to carry their belongings. However, prior to Kristallnacht, these Nazi policies had been primarily nonviolent. 1 / 15. Latin, or Old Norse source word and its meaning. The broken windows theory states that visible signs of disorder and misbehavior in an environment encourage further disorder and misbehavior, leading to serious crimes. After the pogrom ended, it was given an oddly poetic name: Kristallnachtmeaning crystal night or night of broken glass. This name symbolized the final shattering of Jewish existence in Germany. 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